Aromatic as well as Aliphatic Chemistry is easy

Fundas for Aromatic Chemical Reactions

Please Learn these tricks and you will be able to make aromatic chemical equations for preparing almost every compound with its help-

1.
                          CaO

-COOH + NaOH ----------> -H

Benzoic Acid change to Benzene in presence of CaO and NaOH

2. 
                Distillation
-OH + Zn ----------------> -H

3. 
                HOH
-SO3H -----------------------------> -H
                जल अपघटन 
4.
               Ni/Al
-Cl ------------------------------------->  -H
           NaOH, 2[H]

5. 
                 Na2SnO2
-N=NCl ----------------------------->  -H
                  NaOH

6. 
                         Fe
-H +Cl2 --------------------------------> -Cl 
               प्रकाश की अनुपस्थिति 
Benzene changes to Chloro Benzene in presence of Fe and Cl2

                                      H2SO4
7. -H + HNO3 ------------------------------------------>  -NO2
                               50-60  Degree

8. फ्रीडल क्राफ्ट अभिक्रिया
                                         AlCl3
 -H + CH3Cl   -------------------------------------------> -CH3

                           Cl2
9. -CH3 ------------------------------------>  C6H5CH3.Cl  + C6H5CH3.Cl
                   प्रकाश की अनुपस्थिति में                  (Ortho)            (Para)
 
                        KMnO4
10. -CH3 -----------------------------> -COOH
                       H2SO4

                    CHCl3
11.  -NH2 -----------------------> -NC
                     KOH
Aniline changes to Benzene Iso Cynide

                      Sn/HCl
12. -NO2 -------------------------> -NH2

                                 Zn/Cl2
13. -OH +NH3 ------------------------------> -NH2
Phenol changes to Aniline

                              CuCl
14. -N=NCl ---------------------------> -Cl
                              HCl

                               HOH
15. -N=NCl --------------------------------> -OH
                              Heat 

                            C2H5OH
16. -N=NCl -------------------------------------> -H

 Benzene Diaznium Chloride changes to Benzene

                       PCl5
17. -OH -----------------------> -Cl

18. रीमर टीमैन अभिक्रिया 


                           CHCl3/NaOH
C6H5OH --------------------------------------------> C6H5(OH)(CH3)
                            60-70 Degree

                        SnCl2/HCl
19. -CN -------------------------------------> -CHO
                          Ether

                         Oxidation
20. -CHO ----------------------------------> -COOH

                   KOH
21. -Cl -----------------------> -OH

Chloro Benzene changes to Phenol

                       KMnO4
22. -OH --------------------------> -COOH
                        HCl

                        HNO2
23. -NH2 ------------------------> -N=NCl
                Or सधूम HNO3 + HCl

                                  NaOH
24. CH3COOH -------------------------------------> CH4

                                 CaO
Acitic Acid Changes to Methane

                             NaOH
25. -COOH ----------------------------------> -H
                             CaO
Benzoic Acid changes to Benzene



Truly

Br. Anubhav Sharma
(VMCnPD Coaching)

Direct and Indirect Narration

Suppose there is a sentence-

Ram said to Ravan, "I shall kill you today." (Direct)

It will change to-

Ram told Ravan that he should kill him that day. (Indirect)

If we want to include direct speech to our writing then we require direct wordings of the speaker that we add to our text with quotation marks " ".  And if we write it in our writing changing to our own words then we need to change it to indirect speech only then we become able to write it correctly.

In above Direct speech-
Ram said to Ravan - is called Reporting Verb (RV)
"I shall kill you today." - is called Reported Speech (RS)

Rules to change to Indirect Speech-

Rule 1- the following changes appear in Reporting Verb (RV)

said - no change
say - no change
says - no change
said to - told
say to - tell
says to - tells

Rule 2 - Comma (,) and Inverted commas (" ") are removed and RV and RS are added with the word 'that'

Rule 3 - 
If RV is in Present or Future tense then there will be no change in the tense of RS
If RV is in Past tense then there will be change in Tense of RS as follows-


All Present - Past
Past Indefininte - Past Perfect
Past Continuous -  Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect - no change
Past Perfect Continuous - no change
Will - would
Shall - should
may - might
can - could
was/were - had been
ought to/should/must/might/could/would - no change

Rule 4 - 

Consider the following exmple-

 He(Subject) said to me(Object), " Ist Person, IInd Person, IIIrd Person"

If there appears Ist Person in RS then it will be changed according to Subject (Ist)
If there appears IInd person in RS then it will be changed according to Object (IInd)
If there appears IIIrd person in RS then there will be no change

we may also write this rule as -

123
-----
SON

where 1, 2 and 3 represents persons of the pronouns/noun and S, O and N represent Subject, Object and No change respectively.

Note : If there is IInd person in RS and no object is present in RV then it will be changed to Ist Person.

Rule 5-

The words of Far changes to words of Near as

here - there 
come - go
this - that
these - those
now - then
yesterday - the previous day
tomorrow - the next day
today - that day
tonight - that night
the next day - the following day


(The post is being written further)


Truly
Anubhav Sharma

How to Improve Speaking

When I was studying in class 12th, a matter arose in my English class while my English teacher Mr. N P Sharma was taking class 'How to Improve/Learn English Speaking'. He said Rapidax Course for this purpose is not better but he added it is a worse or useless method if we want to gain much in speaking. I am taking my own example how I improved my speaking.

When I finished my graduation, I became free from regular studies because I was not doing M.Sc. Instead, I was self inspired to study English and I took my 12th English text book and a dictionary for studying the whole book from head to bottom. And  I started with full interest, enthusiasm and continuity. Then I prepared poetry and Drama, Julius Caesar. AS N P Sharma sir had said in 12th, I started studying English with the same guidance to study Intermediate(11-12) books. Then I studied grammar again. 

So I became aware well about basic English. And the next year I purchased M.A. English course books and studied. And I passed M.A. A science stream has been changed to Arts stream.

See how can we improve spoken English. If we are good in grammar and word power, we should think like below guidance-

"What we write in the notebooks in exam time with a great enough speed, we need to do the same thing with words in mouth."

Although there are some more fundas in English speaking, and we have to open our hesitation, shyness in speaking by joining a speaking course Center for 2 or more months. Only speaking coaching is not much helpful to improve speaking. 

We should note the method of speaking of English movie persons too.

Truly 

Anubhav Sharma

Passive and Active Voice

When we are interested in Object instead of Subject we use Passive Form of the sentence.

For Example:

Ram killed Ravana.

will be changed to 

Ravana was killed by Ram.

If we are writing story of Ravana instead of Ram, we use this passive form here.

Now we should know how to identify the object in a sentence-

Let the following sentence is there-

Ram gave me a book.

Here gave is the Verb and we add 'What, क्या' or To Whom, किसको ' to the verb we get 'a book' and 'me' both. Both of these are objects. By 'What' we get 'a book' that is a Thing as Direct Object and by 'To Whom' we get 'me' that is a Person as Indirect Object.

Now following four rules are there to convert Active to Passive-

1. Object is changed to Subject.

2. Subject is moved to the place of an object following with 'by' to the end.

3. Third form of Verb is used.

4. Tenses are changed as follows-

                              Present               Past             Future

Indefinite               is,am,are           was,were     will be, Shall be

Continuous             is,am,are           was, were            X

                              being                 being

Perfect                   has, have             had             will/shall

                              been                  been            have been

Perfect Continuous       X                      X                    X

So Ram gave me a book will be changed to -

I was given a book by Ram.

Or

A book was given me by Ram.

Forms of Subjects or Object are used accordingly as-

Subjective form               Objective Form

            I                                Me

           We                              Us

          You                             You

           He                              Him

          She                              Her

         They                            Them

          It                                 It

Imperative sentences are the sentences in which Subject You is hidden and it starts with a Verb. In Imperative sentences the following rules are applied-

Let + Object + be + IIIrd Form of Verb + .............

For Example:

Open the Door.

Let the door be opened.

But if an Imperative starts with 'Do not' the following syntax is applied-

Let + Object +  not be + IIIrd Form of Verb + ..................

Sentences that starts with 'Please' will be changed as follows-

You are requested + to + sentence.

Some sentences that do not have object will be changed as follows-

You are ordered/advised + to + sentence.

Next : Direct and Indirect Narrations

Truly Yours

Anubhav Sharma